
In modern digital systems, hashing is one of the most fundamental building blocks of security. It is not encryption, it is not obfuscation, and it is not reversible. Hashing exists for a single purpose: to represent data in a way that cannot be transformed back into its original form. This one way property is…

Introduction The digital world depends on cryptography that was designed for classical computers. Protocols like RSA, Diffie–Hellman, and elliptic-curve cryptography (ECC) secure everything payments, messaging, software updates, VPNs, authentication.But here’s the uncomfortable truth: a sufficiently powerful quantum computer can break all of them using Shor’s algorithm. This is exactly why post-quantum cryptography exists. PQC…