
Introduction The digital world depends on cryptography that was designed for classical computers. Protocols like RSA, Diffie–Hellman, and elliptic-curve cryptography (ECC) secure everything payments, messaging, software updates, VPNs, authentication.But here’s the uncomfortable truth: a sufficiently powerful quantum computer can break all of them using Shor’s algorithm. This is exactly why post-quantum cryptography exists. PQC…

Quantum-safe cryptography is often promoted as the long-term shield against quantum attacks, but a critical blind spot is rarely discussed: some of these schemes fundamentally rely on noise and noise is a physical phenomenon, not a mathematical one.Once your security depends on unpredictable errors, anyone who can control those errors can start bending the…

The rapid progress of quantum computing has forced a major shift in the foundations of modern cybersecurity. Today’s most widely used cryptographic systems — RSA, Diffie-Hellman, and Elliptic Curve Cryptography (ECC) — were designed under the assumption that certain mathematical problems require an impractical amount of time to solve. Quantum computers break that assumption.…