
Software engineers love to believe their code runs in a clean, deterministic universe. But once you drop below the OS layer and step onto bare metal, that illusion collapses. Microcontrollers, avionics systems, and industrial controllers operate inside physics not logic and physics doesn’t care about your abstractions. 1. Hardware Is Not a Perfect Machine…

Modern systems are designed around one basic promise: invalid memory addresses should never respond. When a program dereferences a pointer that belongs to no allocated region, the operating system is supposed to intervene immediately with a segmentation fault. End of story. Except… sometimes that promise breaks.And when it does, the consequences are far worse…