
Introduction As quantum computing rapidly evolves from theoretical constructs to practical reality, traditional cryptographic systems face an unprecedented challenge. Classical public-key cryptographic algorithms such as RSA, ECC, and DH, which underpin most secure communications today, are vulnerable to Shor’s algorithm—a quantum technique capable of breaking these schemes in polynomial time. While fully capable quantum…

Introduction The rise of quantum computing poses an imminent threat to current cryptographic infrastructures. Algorithms like RSA, ECC, and DSA — the backbone of secure internet communications — are vulnerable to quantum attacks, especially from Shor’s algorithm, which can factor large integers and compute discrete logarithms exponentially faster than classical algorithms. As quantum hardware…

Introduction As quantum computing steadily advances, traditional cryptographic algorithms that safeguard today’s internet — particularly Web2 systems — face the imminent threat of obsolescence. Web2 infrastructures, deeply reliant on RSA, ECC, and other public-key schemes, are highly vulnerable to Shor’s algorithm, which can efficiently break these cryptographic foundations once a sufficiently powerful quantum computer…

What Are the Prerequisites? As the quantum era approaches, centralized digital infrastructures face an existential challenge. Algorithms that once secured our most sensitive communications and systems may be rendered obsolete by the advent of quantum computing. This imminent threat calls for immediate action — and Post-Quantum Cryptography (PQC) emerges as the most viable and…

As quantum computing continues to advance, traditional cryptographic methods face an imminent threat. Algorithms like RSA and ECC, which form the backbone of today’s secure communications, are vulnerable to being broken by quantum computers through techniques such as Shor’s algorithm. In this evolving landscape, Post-Quantum Cryptography (PQC) has emerged as the leading software-based solution…