Blockchain

Introduction: The Quantum Threat to Today’s Encryption For decades, digital security has relied on mathematical problems so complex that even the fastest classical computers struggle to solve them. But quantum computing changes everything. Algorithms like Shor’s and Grover’s can, in theory, break RSA, ECC, and other public-key systems that form the backbone of modern…

While flash drives, external hard disks, and other physical file storage devices have long served as reliable companions for data backup and transfer, they come with significant limitations in today’s fast-evolving digital landscape. Despite their convenience and portability, these hardware-based solutions present challenges in security, durability, scalability, and sustainability that make them increasingly obsolete…

Introduction The National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) is a U.S. federal agency under the Department of Commerce, founded in 1901. Its original mission was to promote innovation, industrial competitiveness, and technological progress by creating measurement standards. Over time, as digital technologies and cyber threats became central to modern life, NIST took on…

In the digital era, the loss of data has become one of the greatest fears for individuals and organizations alike. Hard drives fail, companies collapse, and servers are wiped clean by accidents or malicious attacks. But what if data could achieve a form of immortality living on independently of any single provider, company, or…

Introduction: The End of Centralized Dependence For more than two decades, cloud computing has dominated how individuals and businesses store data. From Google Drive to Amazon S3, centralized providers have offered convenience, scalability, and cost-efficiency. Yet, this reliance on a handful of corporate entities introduces risks—single points of failure, censorship, data exploitation, and vulnerability…