
A Historical Perspective and a Forward-Looking Defense Strategy For decades, modern cryptography has relied on mathematical problems assumed to be computationally infeasible for classical computers. Algorithms like RSA, Diffie-Hellman, and Elliptic Curve Cryptography (ECC) derive their security from the hardness of factoring large integers or solving discrete logarithms. This design has worked because no…

Advanced Persistent Threats (APTs) represent the highest tier of targeted cyberattacks: long-term, strategic intrusions executed by highly skilled adversaries, often state-sponsored groups or well-funded criminal organizations. Their goal is simple: remain inside a system for as long as possible while silently gathering intelligence, manipulating assets, or preparing for strategic disruption. Unlike common malware or…

Advanced Persistent Threats (APTs) are not ordinary cyberattacks. They are long-term, highly coordinated intrusion campaigns typically executed by well-resourced groups with strategic goals. These groups often include state-sponsored units, cyber mercenaries, or organized criminal operations. Their objective is not quick profit or temporary disruption; their goal is ongoing access, intelligence gathering, and silent control.…

1. What Is DNS and Why It Matters The Domain Name System (DNS) is the backbone of how the internet translates human-friendly names (like google.com) into machine-readable IP addresses. Every time you visit a website, your device queries a DNS server to find the correct IP.In essence, DNS acts as the phonebook of the…

Introduction In a world where malware, rootkits, and insider threats constantly evolve, traditional software-based security is no longer enough. Intel Software Guard Extensions (SGX) takes a different path — embedding cryptographic isolation directly into the processor. By creating a trusted execution environment (TEE) within the CPU, SGX allows sensitive code and data to run…