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Power and Electromagnetic Side Channels: Data Extraction Across Physical Gaps
1. Beyond Software Boundaries: The Invisible Leakage When people talk about cybersecurity, they usually imagine code vulnerabilities, not physical ones. Yet some of the most insidious data leaks come not from compromised networks but from the subtle energy a device emits as it operates. Power consumption fluctuations and electromagnetic (EM) radiation — normally just…
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Building Real-Time Systems with RTOS: Achieving Deterministic Low-Latency Performance
🔹 Understanding Real-Time Systems Real-time systems are not just about running fast — they are about running predictably. In a typical computer, slight timing variations are acceptable. But in real-time applications — like industrial automation, medical equipment, or autonomous vehicles — a delay of even a few microseconds can lead to catastrophic consequences.A real-time…