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N-Version Programming and Design-Fault Tolerance in Safety-Critical Actuators
Safety-critical aerospace systems demand reliability far beyond ordinary software engineering standards. In modern fly-by-wire architectures, actuators that drive control surfaces — elevators, ailerons, rudders, flaps, and high-authority maneuvering systems — must function correctly under all circumstances. Hardware redundancy alone cannot guarantee this; design faults in software remain a major threat. This is where N-Version…
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Power and Electromagnetic Side Channels: Data Extraction Across Physical Gaps
1. Beyond Software Boundaries: The Invisible Leakage When people talk about cybersecurity, they usually imagine code vulnerabilities, not physical ones. Yet some of the most insidious data leaks come not from compromised networks but from the subtle energy a device emits as it operates. Power consumption fluctuations and electromagnetic (EM) radiation — normally just…
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Quantum Vulnerabilities in Today’s Cryptography
A Historical Perspective and a Forward-Looking Defense Strategy For decades, modern cryptography has relied on mathematical problems assumed to be computationally infeasible for classical computers. Algorithms like RSA, Diffie-Hellman, and Elliptic Curve Cryptography (ECC) derive their security from the hardness of factoring large integers or solving discrete logarithms. This design has worked because no…
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Physics vs Code: Why Google’s “Quantum Money” Challenges the Blockchain Paradigm
For the past decade, trust on the internet has been built on code. Cryptocurrencies, blockchains, and zero-knowledge proofs all rely on the hardness of certain mathematical problems. If you can’t solve them, you can’t cheat. But this foundation has a weakness: it assumes computing power grows slowly and predictably. Quantum computing breaks that assumption.…
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Side-Channel Attacks on Mobile and IoT what they are, why they matter, and how to defend against them
Side-channel attacks are the ugly truth most developers don’t want to face: they extract secrets without breaking crypto math or getting privileged access — by observing physical or microarchitectural side effects (timing, power consumption, EM emissions, cache behavior, sensors, etc.). On constrained devices like phones and IoT nodes this problem is worse because hardware…